Abstract:

In which chronological, spatial, and social contexts is gender a relevant social category that is noticeable in the archaeological material? How can transformations in social gender relations and identity be recognized archaeologically? Is the identity of prehistoric people defined by gender? If so, what is the accompanying cultural context? What about gender equality among the scientists working in archaeology? In what degree are research teams, as well as their scientific approaches, biased today?

These and other burning questions are intensively discussed in this volume, which comprises 25 contributions presented at the international workshop ‘Gender Transformations in Prehistoric and Archaic Societies’, organised by the Collaborative Research Centre 1266 of Kiel University funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The workshop offered a platform to discuss a broad range of approaches on the inter-dependencies between gender relations and socio-environmental transformation processes.
Beyond a focus on the archaeology of women, gender archaeology offers a variety of possibilities to reconstruct the contribution of social groups differentiated e.g. by age, gender, and activities related to cultural transformation, based on the archaeological material. Thus, this volume includes papers dealing with different socio-economic units, from south-western Europe to Central Asia, between 15,000 and 1 BCE, paying particular attention to the scale of social reach. Since gender archaeology, and in particular feminist archaeology, also addresses the issue of scientific objectivity or bias, parts of this volume are dedicated to equal opportunity matters in archaeological academia across the globe. This is realised by bringing together feminist and female experiences from a range of countries, each with its own specific individual, cultural, and social perspectives and traditions.

The papers are organised along three central topics: ‘Gendering fieldwork’, ‘Tracing gender transformations’, and ‘Gendering and shaping the environment’. By gendering the archaeological discussion on transformation processes, the contributions aim to more firmly embed gender-sensitive research in the archaeological agenda, not just in Europe, but world-wide.

Contents

Preface of the editors
Wiebke Kirleis and Johannes Müller

Introduction
Julia Katharina Koch and Wiebke Kirleis

1. Gendering Fieldwork

Matters of gender in a prominent excavation by the German Archaeological Institute: Fieldwork and gender in the Kerameikos in Athens
Jutta Stroszeck

Women in the field: Preliminary insights from images of archaeology in Portugal in the 1960s and the 1970s. A first essay
Ana Cristina Martins

Gendered and diversified fieldwork classes in prehistoric archaeology? An examination of and a perspective on Bachelor study programs of German universities
Doris Gutsmiedl-Schümann

‘Fieldwork is not the proper preserve of a lady’: Gendered images of archaeologists from textbooks to social media
Jana Esther Fries

2. Tracing gender transformations
2.1. In methodology

What is gender transformation, where does it take place and why? Reflections from archaeology
Marie Louise Stig Sørensen

Osteology defines sex and archaeology defines gender? Insights from physical anthropology
Johanna Kranzbühler

Gender in Linearbandkeramik research: Traditional approaches and new avenues
Nils Müller-Scheeßel

2.2. In burials

Changing gender perception from the Mesolithic to the beginning of the Middle Neolithic
Daniela Nordholz

Making the invisible visible: Expressing gender in mortuary practices in north-eastern Hungary in the 5th millennium BCE
Alexandra Anders and Emese Gyöngyvér Nagy

Copper Age transformations in gender identities
Jan Turek

Gender symbolism in female graves of the Bronze Age evidenced by the materials from the Lisakovsk burial complex of the Andronovo cultural horizon
Emma R. Usmanova and Marina K. Lachkova

Male gender identity during the Ural Bronze Age: On the way down?
Natalie Berseneva

Transformations in a woman’s life in prehistoric and archaic societies of the Scythians and the Kalmyks
Maria Ochir-Goryaeva

Tracing gender in funerary data: The case study of elite graves in the North-Alpine complex (Late Bronze Age to La Tène B)
Caroline Tremeaud

2.3. In cultural landscapes

Social manipulation of gender identities in Early Iron Age Latium Vetus (Italy)
Ilona Venderbos

Time- and space-related genders and changing social roles: A case study from Archaic southern Italy
Christian Heitz

2.4. In ritual and art

‘Shaman’ burials in prehistoric Europe: Gendered images?
Nataliia Mykhailova

Part-time females and full-time specialists? Identifying gender roles in ritual behaviour and archaeological remains
Andy Reymann

Beyond gender: Approaches to anthropomorphic imagery in prehistoric central Anatolia
Aysel Arslan

Art and gender: The case study of enamelling in continental Europe (4th-3rd century BCE)
Virginie Defente

3. Gendering and shaping the environment

Gender and the environment
Julia K. Koch and Oliver Nakoinz

The gender division of labour during the proto-Elamite period in late 4th millennium Iran
Rouhollah Yousefi Zoshk, Saeed Baghizadeh and Donya Etemadifar

Labour organisation between horticulture and agriculture: Two separate worlds?
Wiebke Kirleis

Change and continuity: Gender and flint knapping activities during the Neolithic in the Paris basin
Anne Augereau

The construction of space and gender in prehistory: An approach to the Chalcolithic walled enclosures of Iberia?
Ana M. Vale